WEEK 4 & 5 ( RESEARCH ABOUT SENSOR AND LIST ALL THE COMPONENT USUAL )

          Those of you is it know what is a sensor

Sensors come in all shapes and sizes, from the motion detectors that signal lights to go on when we enter a room to Geiger counters that detect radiation loss. They are used in commercial, industrial and personal applications, whether to tell us when we have a fever or to regulate conveyor systems in a factory. We even contain a number of biological sensors that regulate chemical balances within our bodies, or cause us to react to different stimulate.

Even in the manufacturing realm, the term sensor covers such a wide variety of applications and devices that it is almost impossible to define. Nonetheless, regardless of the industry, sensors are used to alert a person or system; sometimes this is in order to generate a new function, such as switching off a furnace, while in other instances it is to signal a problem. The majority of sensors, however, are meant to help regulate and control existing operations. Various speed and position sensors, for instance, assist in automotive engine management. Adjustable linear, null balance and output current sensors monitor AC or DC current for different electrical or industrial systems. Proximity sensors assist in aircraft and marine applications, among others.

Other sensor types include photoelectric sensors, which detect objects with light and have exceptional range; liquid level sensors and debris monitors, which can be used on fixed wing and rotary aircrafts; temperature and pressure meters, which factor into an immense range of industrial, commercial, medical and processing systems; and electrochemical sensors, such as amperometric and coulometric sensors, which measure various biological functions. From the places we visit to our means of transportation, we are surrounded by sensors and systems that rely on sensors, as well as goods that could not exist without them.

Sensors play even more direct roles in our everyday lives. Thermometers and barometers tell us the weather, oil and fuel gages keep our cars running, and proximity sensors turn on and off our outdoor lights. Of course, direct applications do not stop there. Automated doors, elevators, ovens and refrigerators all incorporate sensors into their designs, making sure our pathways stay open, our food stays fresh, and our appliances remain dependable.,

Main Component/Part Used In This Project

Arduino Uno - Microcontroller 
   

Arduino is an amazing tool for physical computing. It is an open source microcontroller board, plus a free software development environment. The usage of arduino is to make cool interactive objects that can sense inputs from switches, sensors, and computers and then control motors, lights, and other physical outputs in the real world.

         The Arduino Uno is compatible with all current shields and code, and comes assembled. It’s simple to  use by just connected it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with AC-to-DC adapter or battery.

         In this project, we use Arduino Uno as our microcontroller. Since our project consists of receiver and transmitter, we have to use two Arduino Uno for both circuit as the microcontroller to control all the other part that attached to the circuit. This Arduino Uno can simply be control by a code that can be written using the Arduino software. 

                                                                    Schematic Diagram

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   Pin Out
   
   

   RF Link Receiver and Transmitter

         This is the 315MHz transmitter and receiver that will work with the RF Links at 315MHz at either baud rate. This wireless data is easy to use and it also the lowest cost RF link that we have ever see. The RF link transmitter is use to transmit position data, temperature data, even current program register values wirelessly to the RF link receiver. These modules have up to 500 feet range in open space. The transmitter and receiver operates from 2-12V. The range will be greater if the voltage is higher.

    

         We have looking forward these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their ease of use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very simple. What the transmitter 'sees' on its data pin is what the receiver outputs on its data pin.

    

         This is an ASK transmitter module with an output of up to 8mW depending on power supply voltage. The transmitter is based on SAW resonator and accepts digital inputs, can operate from 2 to 12 Volts-DC, and makes building RF enabled products very easy.

    

   
   
   
   
   

     IR Sensor

   
             IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold.
   
   
   

                                                 

                                                 Depiction of the operation of an IR Sensor

    

    Detecting Brightness

         Since the sensor works by looking for reflected light, it is possible to have a sensor that can return the value of the reflected light. This type of sensor can then be used to measure how "bright" the object is. This is useful for tasks like line tracking.

   

   IR Sensor

   
   

    

    

   Alarm Buzzer 

          For alarm buzzer, we use speaker as it can produce a louder sound. This speaker will produce an alarm sound that can alert the people in the house when there is a letter in their mailbox. This 30mm diameter speaker is encased in plastic and will handle about 100mW of power.

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   LCD Display Description    

Works on voltage between 2.7 V to 5.5 V. The contrast can be adjusted by connecting a potentiometer between Pin 2 and Pin 3 as explained below. Can display one line of 16 characters or two lines at max. Any character can be generated in the form of a 5 X 8 or 5 X 10 dot matrix. The LCD has 16 pins, eight of which are data lines and 3 are control lines. There are 5 power lines for powering the LCD and backlight. The LCD can be operated in two modes 4-bit or 8-bit. i.e. data can be sent sequentially in packets of 4-bits or 8-bits. Data can be written to the LCD only on the falling edge of the enable pin. This means that the data will displayed only after the enable pin is taken high and then taken low. This must be repeated for each data or command that is sent to the LCD .It is necessary to use delays between sending each instruction. This is necessary, since if the second instruction arrives while the first one is still being executed, then the execution time will far exceed the normal execution time. The LCD provides a busy flag, which indicates whether the LCD is busy . Performing an operation or whether it is ready to accept instructions. This method can be used instead of using delay loops, since delay provided is random at most and not optimised.

    

      After our advisor approved with our explanation on the circuit testing we decided to buy our component at our best electric and electronic market the Jalan Pasar, pudu.

 

      Also between this week , UNIKL BMI  also doing briefing about FYP .The briefing was to guide and the procedure during the presentation day at the industrial day. The briefing also give us the on the important details that we inform on the industrial day.